When the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) finally revealed its new revenue recognition standard (ASU 2014-09 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers) back in 2014, the standard was beyond complex. As a result, the FASB formed 16 industry task groups (including one for construction) to clarify and explain the standard, and issued five related standards. These challenges delayed the implementation of the new standard to Jan. 1, 2019 for private companies with calendar year ends.
The new standard includes a comprehensive five-step process that a contractor should consider when assessing revenue recognition on its contracts. Those five steps consist of: 1) identifying contracts for which the standard applies; 2) identifying each separate performance obligation within those contracts; 3) determining the transaction price after identifying all forms of consideration involved; 4) allocating the transaction price to be recognized as revenue to each performance obligation; and 5) determining the amount of revenue to be recognized during the reporting period.
Each of these steps contains many considerations that must be addressed, but before discussing those challenges, there are several things to keep in mind when considering the implementation of the new standard for companies in the construction industry:
- Contract price still generally equals the amount of revenues to be recognized
- Most “Design and Build” contracts will have only one performance obligation
- The concepts underlying the percentage of completion method for revenue recognition still apply and, in most cases, revenue will be still be recognized “over time” based on costs incurred to date and estimates of cost to complete
- Revenue recognition is still permitted on “uninstalled materials” under certain circumstances
- Generally the new standard does not change how entities account for warranty costs unless there is a separate obligation to service the goods post installation
- Although new disclosure requirements are robust, there are options allowed that provide some relief to private companies
But what about those Challenges?
First, if you have multiple contracts with the same customer entered at or near the same time, those contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract if: (i) the contracts are negotiated with a single commercial objective in mind, or (ii) pricing in one contract depends on another contract or (iii) there is a single performance obligation. And that’s not all, contracts with related parties of those customers must also be combined and accounted for as a single contract if any of those same conditions exist. So specific challenges to navigate include answering the questions such as: Are contracts “near the same time”? Is pricing between contracts interdependent? What is a related party?
What about Change Orders?
Prevalent in the construction industry, change orders are a type of contract modification and are assessed differently under the new standard depending on whether the change has been approved in scope and / or price. If both have been approved, the amount of the change order is added to the contract amount—simple enough! If only the scope of the change order has been approved (unpriced change orders), then the amount to be added to the contract amount is assessed as variable consideration and estimated under two approaches – “Most Likely” and “Expected Value”. The Most Likely approach is most consistent with the old standard (i.e., recognize revenues when the price can be reasonably measured) and is used only when there are limited possible outcomes. The Expected Value approach is used when the final amount paid ultimately will fall within a range of prices. Under this approach, the contractor essentially performs a weighted average calculation of the revenue to be included in the contract price based on the probability of each possible pricing outcome.
Construction Claims
What happens when neither the scope nor price has been approved (i.e., construction claims)? Construction claims are still accounted for as variable consideration under the new standard, but the threshold for revenue recognition is actually more flexible—under the old standard, revenues were only recognized to the extent of costs incurred and any profits were not recognized until the customer approved the claim. The new standard allows an amount to be included in the contract price as long as it is “probable” (as in more likely to occur or a probability threshold often interpreted to be around 75 percent) that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized on the claim will not happen in the future. This constraint to revenue recognition and the two approaches noted above for measuring possible increases or decreases in the transaction price applies not only to unpriced change orders and construction claims, but to all types of variable consideration including awards, incentive payments and bonus payments (additions to transaction price) and also liquidated damages and back charges (minuses).
Assessing Contract Modifications
There are yet other items to consider when assessing contract modifications. The new standard requires that contract modifications be assessed to determine if a new performance obligation has been created. And if so, the modification is accounted for as a separate contract with separate accounting of costs incurred, progress measurement and revenue recognition. A contract modification is now accounted for as a separate contract if (i) the additional goods or services to be transferred are distinct and (ii) the distinct goods or services are priced at their stand-alone selling prices.
Of course, there are many challenges to consider when evaluating these two criteria. And if both criteria are not met? Then the modification is accounted for as part of the existing contract depending on the existence of criteria (i) above (i.e., distinct criteria). If the additional goods or services are distinct but not at stand-alone selling prices, the modification is accounted for prospectively with the transaction price adjusted to include the new variable consideration amount, plus unrecognized revenue from the modified contract. If the additional goods or services are not distinct (which presumably, there would not be stand-alone selling prices), then the modification is accounted for with a cumulative catch-up adjustment by adjusting costs incurred to date and the transaction price for the variable consideration amount.
For many contractors, determining whether separate performance obligations exist (step #2) within the initial contract and subsequent modifications to that contract as discussed above will be the most difficult judgment to make. The fundamental concept underlying this determination is identifying each promise made by the contractor to transfer distinct goods or services, even if bundled or in a series of distinct goods or services.
So how does the new standard define distinct? When the goods or services provide a significant stand-alone benefit and when the promise to transfer those goods or services is separately identifiable. In many cases, promises made by contractors will not be separately identifiable because of one of the following exemptions: (i) the primary service performed is the integration of goods or services with other goods or services, or (ii) because the transfer of one good or service enhances or modifies one or more other goods or services or (iii) because goods or services are highly interrelated. So, although the assessment of performance obligations within a contract will require significant judgment, contractors should keep in mind that separately identifiable performance obligations will often be clearly evident, as with contracts to provide future regularly scheduled maintenance services. If not clearly evident, the criteria for separate accounting have likely not been met.
Does Your Company Qualify?
And now for the most critical consideration, determining if your company qualifies for revenue recognition throughout the period the performance obligation is satisfied (i.e., in a manner consistent with percentage of completion method under old rules). Under the new standard, revenue is recognized when control of the good or service is transferred to the customer—and that takes place either at a “point in time” or “over time”.
For contractors accustomed to recognizing revenues using the percentage of completion method, determining if revenue should be recognized at a “point in time” or “over time” under the new rules will be a key determination – over time revenue recognition under the new standard can only be used when performance by the contractor: (i) creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls, or (ii) is received and consumed by the customer at the same time performance occurs or (iii) does not create an asset with alternative use to the contractor and the contractor has a right to payment for performance completed to date, including a reasonable profit margin.
In most cases, contractors will be looking toward criteria (i) for purposes of qualifying for over time revenue recognition and the key will be assessing when control is being transferred to the customer. If the criteria for over time revenue recognition is not met, revenue would not be recognized until the customer has accepted the risk and rewards of ownership, taken legal title (if applicable) and physical possession, and has a legal obligation to pay the contractor. Until then, a transfer of control has likely not taken place, and as a result, revenue would not be recognized until a point in time when that occurs.
Once a company has determined that revenue should be recognized over time , the next step is to determine the best method to measure progress towards completion. Most companies will still use cost incurred to date relative to total estimated costs as a basis for measuring progress although other input methods such as labor hours, machine hours or time lapsed may also be used.
Output methods (such as milestones reached or results achieved) are also an option but are more subjective in nature. But regardless of the method used to measure progress, the new standard still has challenges regarding which costs that can be included in the measurement of progress – and remember, only those costs are used to recognize revenues and have a profit component. Certain other costs are treated differently and are excluded from the measurement of progress – those costs are either: (i) expensed as incurred with $0 revenue recognition (costs related to significant inefficiencies), (ii) expensed as incurred with revenues recognized only to the extent of costs incurred (costs not indicative of performance such as certain equipment purchased and installed by contractor) or (iii) capitalized and amortized over the life of the contract (costs that do not transfer value such as setup costs, mobilization costs, cost of bonds, etc.).
Transition to New Standard
You will need to decide how to transition to the new standard under two alternative methods: (i) the Full Retrospective method or (ii) the Modified Retrospective method. When comparative financial statements are presented, the Full Retrospective method requires restatement of the prior year financials in accordance with the new standard including a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the first day of the prior year presented – this method essentially pushes the effective date back one full year – the work required to present this method would be a significant undertaking and not one that we would recommend.
Under the Modified Retrospective method, only the current year financials are reported under the new standard and the cumulative effect adjustment is determined and posted to retained earnings as of the beginning of the current year
Implementing the new revenue recognition rules will prove to be a significant undertaking and we have only touched on some key considerations at a high level, but there are many other considerations to take into account including when a contract may have a financing component and how to allocate transaction price when a contract has multiple performance obligations. We have provided a framework of the concepts and terminology used in the new standards and the challenges ahead – a deeper dive with your team of accountants will be necessary to implement this significant new standard.
Learn More
For more information about new revenue recognition standards, please contact Scott Hazy or Mike Reynolds by calling 770.396.2200.
